The paper corrects earlier upper bounds on the size of free-cut elimination. Free-cut elimination allows cut elimination to be carried out in the presence of non-logical axioms. The correction requires that the notion of a free-cut be modified so that a cut formula is anchored provided that all of its introductions are anchored, instead of only requiring that one of its introductions is anchored. With the correction, the originally proved size upper bounds remain unchanged. These results also apply to partial cut elimination. We also apply these bounds to elimination of cuts in propositional logic.
If the non-logical inferences are closed under cut and infer only atomic formulas, then all cuts can be eliminated. This generalizes earlier results of Takeuti and of Negri and van Plato.
Using appropriate notation systems for proofs, cut-reduction can often be rendered feasible on these notations, and explicit bounds can be given. Developing a suitable notation system for Bounded Arithmetic, and applying these bounds, all the known results on definable functions of certain such theories can be reobtained in a uniform way.
The complexity class of Π^p_k – Polynomial Local Search (PLS) problems with Π^p_l – goal is introduced, and is used to give new characterisations of definable search problems in fragments of Bounded Arithmetic. The characterisations are established via notations for propositional proofs obtained by translating Bounded Arithmetic proofs using the Paris-Wilkie-translation. For l ≤ i ≤ k , the Σ bi – definable search problems of T^k+1_2 are exactly characterised by Π^p_k – PLS problems with Π^p_l – goals. These Π^p_k – PLS problems can be defined in a weak base theory such as S^1_2 , and proved to be total in T^k+1_2 . Furthermore, the Π^p_k – PLS definitions can be Skolemised with simple polynomial time functions. The Skolemised Π^p_k – PLS definitions give rise to a new ∀Σ^b_1(α) – principle conjectured to separate T^k_2(α) and T^k+1_2(α).
The complexity class of Π^p_k – polynomial local search (PLS) problems is introduced and is used to give new witnessing theorems for fragments of bounded arithmetic. For 1 ≤ i ≤ k+1 , the Σ^b_i – definable functions of T^k+1_2 are characterized in terms of Π^p_k – PLS problems. These Π^p_k – PLS problems can be defined in a weak base theory such as S^1_2 , and proved to be total in T^k+1_2 . Furthermore, the Π^p_k – PLS definitions can be skolemized with simple polynomial time functions, and the witnessing theorem itself can be formalized, and skolemized, in a weak base theory. We introduce a new ∀Σ^b_1(α) – principle that is conjectured to separate T^k_2(α) and T^k+1_2(α) .
The complexity class of $\prec$-bounded local search problems with goals is introduced for well-orderings $\prec$, and is used to give a characterisation of definable NP search problems in Peano Arithmetic.
Using appropriate notation systems for proofs, cut-reduction can often be rendered feasible on these notations, and explicit bounds can be given. Developing a suitable notation system for Bounded Arithmetic, and applying these bounds, all the known results on definable functions of certain such theories can be reobtained in a uniform way.
Parity games underlie the model checking problem for the modal μ-calculus, the complexity of which remains unresolved after more than two decades of intensive research. The community is split into those who believe this problem – which is known to be both in NP and coNP – has a polynomial-time solution (without the assumption that P=NP) and those who believe that it does not. (A third, pessimistic, faction believes that the answer to this question will remain unknown in their lifetime.)
In this paper we explore the possibility of employing Bounded Arithmetic to resolve this question, motivated by the fact that problems which are both NP and coNP, and where the equivalence between their NP and coNP description can be formulated and proved within a certain fragment of Bounded Arithmetic, necessarily admit a polynomial-time solution. While the problem remains unresolved by this paper, we do proposed another approach, and at the very least provide a modest refinement to the complexity of parity games (and in turn the μ-calculus model checking problem): that they lie in the class of Polynomial Local Search problems. This result is based on a new proof of memoryless determinacy which can be formalised in Bounded Arithmetic.
The approach we propose may offer a route to a polynomial-time solution. Alternatively, there may be scope in devising a reduction between the problem and some other problem which is hard with respect to PLS, thus making the discovery of a polynomial-time solution unlikely according to current wisdom.
We investigate the relation of countable closed linear orderings with respect to continuous monotone embeddability and show that there are exactly ℵ1 many equivalence classes with respect to this embeddability relation. This is an extension of Laver’s result, who considered (plain) embeddability, which yields coarser equivalence classes. Using this result we show that there are only ℵ0 many different Gödel logics.
By introducing a parallel extension rule that is aware of independence of the introduced extension variables, a calculus for quantified propositional logic is obtained where heights of derivations correspond to heights of appropriate circuits. Adding an uninterpreted predicate on bit-strings (analog to an oracle in relativised complexity classes) this statement can be made precise in the sense that the height of the most shallow proof that a circuit can be evaluated is, up to an additive constant, the height of that circuit.
The main tool for showing lower bounds on proof heights is a variant of an iteration principle studied by Takeuti. This reformulation might be of independent interest, as it allows for polynomial size formulae in the relativised language that require proofs of exponential height.
We investigate the relation between logics of countable linear Kripke frames with constant domains and Gödel logics. We show that for any such Kripke frame there is a Gödel logic which coincides with the logic of this Kripke frame and vice versa. This allows us to transfer several recent results on Gödel logics to the logics of countable linear Kripke frames with constant domains.
We extend the definition of dynamic ordinals to generalised dynamic ordinals. We compute generalised dynamic ordinals of all fragments of relativised bounded arithmetic by utilising methods from Boolean complexity theory, similar to [Krajicek1994]. We indicate the role of generalised dynamic ordinals as universal measures for implicit computational complexity. I.e., we describe the connections between generalised dynamic ordinals and witness oracle Turing machines for bounded arithmetic theories. In particular, through the determination of generalised dynamic ordinals we re-obtain well-known independence results for relativised bounded arithmetic theories.
We define the notion of the uniform reduct of a propositional proof system as the set of those bounded formulas in the language of Peano Arithmetic which have polynomial size proofs under the Paris-Wilkie-translation. With respect to the arithmetic complexity of uniform reducts, we show that uniform reducts are Π^0_1-hard and obviously in Σ^0_2. We also show under certain regularity conditions that each uniform reduct is closed under bounded generalisation; that in the case the language includes a symbol for exponentiation, a uniform reduct is closed under modus ponens if and only if it already contains all true bounded formulas; and that each uniform reduct contains all true Π^b_1(α)-formulas.
This paper proves exponential separations between depth d-LK and depth (d+1/2)-LK for every d in 0, 1/2, 1, 1 1/2,… utilizing the order induction principle. As a consequence, we obtain an exponential separation between depth d-LK and depth (d+1)-LK for d in 0,1,2,… . We investigate the relationship between the sequence-size, tree-size and height of depth d-LK-derivations for d in 0, 1/2, 1, 1 1/2,… and describe transformations between them.
We define a general method to lift principles requiring exponential tree-size (d+1/2)-LK-refutations for d in 0,1,2,… to principles requiring exponential sequence-size d-LK-refutations, which will be described for the Ramsey principle and d=0. From this we also deduce width lower bounds for resolution refutations of the Ramsey principle.
The theories S^i_1(α) and T^i_1(α) are the analogues of Buss’ relativized bounded arithmetic theories in the language where every term is bounded by a polynomial, and thus all definable functions grow linearly in length. For every i , a Σ^b_i+1(α) – formula TOP^i(α), which expresses a form of the total ordering principle, is exhibited that is provable in S^i+1_1(α) , but unprovable in T^i_1(α). This is in contrast with the classical situation, where S^i+1_2 is conservative over T^i_2 w.r.t. Σ^b_i+1-sentences. The independence results are proved by translations into propositional logic, and using lower bounds for corresponding propositional proof systems.
We define and study a new restricted consistency notion for bounded arithmetic theories T2j. It is the strongest ∀Π1b-statement over S21 provable in T2j, similar to Con(Gi) in Krajíček and Pudlák, (Z. Math. Logik Grundl. Math. 36 (1990) 29) or RCon(Ti1) in Krajı́ček and Takeuti (Ann. Math. Artificial Intelligence 6 (1992) 107). The advantage of our notion over the others is that can directly be used to construct models of T2j. We apply this by proving preservation theorems for theories of bounded arithmetic of the following well-known kind: The ∀Π1b-separation of bounded arithmetic theories S2i from T2j (1⩽i⩽j) is equivalent to the existence of a model of S2i which does not have a Δ0b-elementary extension to a model of T2j.
Ingo Lepper and Georg Moser: Why Ordinals are Good for You;
Heribert Vollmer: First-Order Logic with Groupoidal Quantifiers.
Aarne Ranta: Grammatical Framework Tutorial;
Frank Richter and Manfred Sailer: Basic Concepts of Lexical Resource Semantics.
This book is about two topics on the borderline between logic and complexity theory, and in particular about the connections between these. The first topic is Bounded Arithmetic, and the other is the complexity of propositional proof systems.
Ordinal notations and provability of well-foundedness have been a central tool in the study of the consistency strength and computational strength of formal theories of arithmetic. This development began with Gentzen’s consistency proof for Peano arithmetic based on the well-foundedness of ordinal notations up to ε_0 . Since the work of Gentzen, ordinal notations and provable well-foundedness have been studied extensively for many other formal systems, some stronger and some weaker than Peano arithmetic. In the present paper, we investigate the provability and non-provability of well-foundedness of ordinal notations in very weak theories of bounded arithmetic, notably the theories S^i_2 and T^i_2 with 1 ≤ i ≤ 2 . We prove several results about the provability of well-foundedness for ordinal notations; our main results state that for the usual ordinal notations for ordinals below ε_0 and Γ_0, the theories T^i2 and S^2_2 can prove the ordinal Σ^b_1 – minimization principle over a bounded domain. PLS is the class of functions computed by a polynomial local search to minimize a cost function. It is a corollary of our theorems that the cost function can be allowed to take on ordinal values below Γ_0 , without increasing the class PLS .